R315-264-552. Corrective Action Management Units (CAMU)

  (a) To implement remedies under Subsection R315-264-101 or RCRA Section 3008(h), or to implement remedies at a permitted facility that is not subject to Subsection R315-264-101, the Director may designate an area at the facility as a corrective action management unit under the requirements in Section R315-264-552. Corrective action management unit means an area within a facility that is used only for managing CAMU-eligible wastes for implementing corrective action or cleanup at the facility. A CAMU shall be located within the contiguous property under the control of the owner or operator where the wastes to be managed in the CAMU originated. One or more CAMUs may be designated at a facility.

  (1) CAMU-eligible waste means:

  (i) All solid and hazardous wastes, and all media, including ground water, surface water, soils, and sediments, and debris, that are managed for implementing cleanup. As-generated wastes, either hazardous or non-hazardous, from ongoing industrial operations at a site are not CAMU-eligible wastes.

  (ii) Wastes that would otherwise meet the description in Subsection R315-264-552(a)(1)(i) are not "CAMU-Eligible Wastes" where:

  (A) The wastes are hazardous wastes found during cleanup in intact or substantially intact containers, tanks, or other non-land-based units found above ground, unless the wastes are first placed in the tanks, containers or non-land-based units as part of cleanup, or the containers or tanks are excavated during the course of cleanup; or

  (B) The Director exercises the discretion in Subsection R315-264-552(a)(2) to prohibit the wastes from management in a CAMU.

  (iii) Notwithstanding Subsection R315-264-552(a)(1)(i), where appropriate, as-generated non-hazardous waste may be placed in a CAMU where such waste is being used to facilitate treatment or the performance of the CAMU.

  (2) The Director may prohibit, where appropriate, the placement of waste in a CAMU where the Director has or receives information that such wastes have not been managed in compliance with applicable land disposal treatment standards of Rule R315-268, or applicable unit design requirements of Rule R315-264, or applicable unit design requirements of Rule R315-265, or that non-compliance with other applicable requirements of Rules R315-260 through 266, 268, 270 and 273 likely contributed to the release of the waste.

  (3) Prohibition against placing liquids in CAMUs.

  (i) The placement of bulk or noncontainerized liquid hazardous waste or free liquids contained in hazardous waste, whether or not sorbents have been added, in any CAMU is prohibited except where placement of such wastes facilitates the remedy selected for the waste.

  (ii) The requirements in Subsection R315-264-314(c) for placement of containers holding free liquids in landfills apply to placement in a CAMU except where placement facilitates the remedy selected for the waste.

  (iii) The placement of any liquid which is not a hazardous waste in a CAMU is prohibited unless such placement facilitates the remedy selected for the waste or a demonstration is made pursuant to Subsection R315-264-314(e).

  (iv) The absence or presence of free liquids in either a containerized or a bulk waste shall be determined in accordance with Subsection R315-264-314(b). Sorbents used to treat free liquids in CAMUs shall meet the requirements of Subsection R315-264-314(d).

  (4) Placement of CAMU-eligible wastes into or within a CAMU does not constitute land disposal of hazardous wastes.

  (5) Consolidation or placement of CAMU-eligible wastes into or within a CAMU does not constitute creation of a unit subject to minimum technology requirements.

  (b)(1) The Director may designate a regulated unit, as defined in Subsection R315-264-90(a)(2), as a CAMU, or may incorporate a regulated unit into a CAMU, if:

  (i) The regulated unit is closed or closing, meaning it has begun the closure process under Section R315-264-113 or 40 CFR 265.113, which is adopted by reference; and

  (ii) Inclusion of the regulated unit will enhance implementation of effective, protective and reliable remedial actions for the facility.

  (2) The requirements of Sections R315-264-90 through 101, 110 through 120, and 140 through 151 and the unit-specific requirements of Rules R315-264 or 265 that applied to the regulated unit shall continue to apply to that portion of the CAMU after incorporation into the CAMU.

  (c) The Director shall designate a CAMU that will be used for storage and/or treatment only in accordance with Subsection R315-264-552(f). The Director shall designate all other CAMUs in accordance with the following:

  (1) The CAMU shall facilitate the implementation of reliable, effective, protective, and cost-effective remedies;

  (2) Waste management activities associated with the CAMU shall not create unacceptable risks to humans or to the environment resulting from exposure to hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents;

  (3) The CAMU shall include uncontaminated areas of the facility, only if including such areas for the purpose of managing CAMU-eligible waste is more protective than management of such wastes at contaminated areas of the facility;

  (4) Areas within the CAMU, where wastes remain in place after closure of the CAMU, shall be managed and contained so as to minimize future releases, to the extent practicable;

  (5) The CAMU shall expedite the timing of remedial activity implementation, when appropriate and practicable;

  (6) The CAMU shall enable the use, when appropriate, of treatment technologies, including innovative technologies, to enhance the long-term effectiveness of remedial actions by reducing the toxicity, mobility, or volume of wastes that will remain in place after closure of the CAMU; and

  (7) The CAMU shall, to the extent practicable, minimize the land area of the facility upon which wastes will remain in place after closure of the CAMU.

  (d) The owner/operator shall provide sufficient information to enable the Director to designate a CAMU in accordance with the criteria in Section R315-264-552. This shall include, unless not reasonably available, information on:

  (1) The origin of the waste and how it was subsequently managed, including a description of the timing and circumstances surrounding the disposal and/or release;

  (2) Whether the waste was listed or identified as hazardous at the time of disposal and/or release; and

  (3) Whether the disposal and/or release of the waste occurred before or after the land disposal requirements of Rule R315-268 were in effect for the waste listing or characteristic.

  (e) The Director shall specify, in the permit or order, requirements for CAMUs to include the following:

  (1) The areal configuration of the CAMU.

  (2) Except as provided in Subsection R315-264-552(g), requirements for CAMU-eligible waste management to include the specification of applicable design, operation, treatment and closure requirements.

  (3) Minimum design requirements. CAMUs, except as provided in Subsection R315-264-552(f), into which wastes are placed shall be designed in accordance with the following:

  (i) Unless the Director approves alternate requirements under Subsection R315-264-552(e)(3)(ii), CAMUs that consist of new, replacement, or laterally expanded units shall include a composite liner and a leachate collection system that is designed and constructed to maintain less than a 30-cm depth of leachate over the liner. For purposes of Section R315-264-552, composite liner means a system consisting of two components; the upper component shall consist of a minimum 30-mil flexible membrane liner (FML), and the lower component shall consist of at least a two-foot layer of compacted soil with a hydraulic conductivity of no more than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. FML components consisting of high density polyethylene (HDPE) shall be at least 60 mil thick. The FML component shall be installed in direct and uniform contact with the compacted soil component;

  (ii) Alternate requirements. The Director may approve alternate requirements if:

  (A) The Director finds that alternate design and operating practices, together with location characteristics, will prevent the migration of any hazardous constituents into the ground water or surface water at least as effectively as the liner and leachate collection systems in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(3)(i); or

  (B) The CAMU is to be established in an area with existing significant levels of contamination, and the Director finds that an alternative design, including a design that does not include a liner, would prevent migration from the unit that would exceed long-term remedial goals.

  (4) Minimum treatment requirements: Unless the wastes will be placed in a CAMU for storage and/or treatment only in accordance with Subsection R315-264-552(f), CAMU-eligible wastes that, absent Section R315-264-552, would be subject to the treatment requirements of Rule R315-268, and that the Director determines contain principal hazardous constituents shall be treated to the standards specified in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iii).

  (i) Principal hazardous constituents are those constituents that the Director determines pose a risk to human health and the environment substantially higher than the cleanup levels or goals at the site.

  (A) In general, the Director shall designate as principal hazardous constituents:

  (I) Carcinogens that pose a potential direct risk from ingestion or inhalation at the site at or above 10^-3; and

  (II) Non-carcinogens that pose a potential direct risk from ingestion or inhalation at the site an order of magnitude or greater over their reference dose.

  (B) The Director shall also designate constituents as principal hazardous constituents, where appropriate, when risks to human health and the environment posed by the potential migration of constituents in wastes to ground water are substantially higher than cleanup levels or goals at the site; when making such a designation, the Director may consider such factors as constituent concentrations, and fate and transport characteristics under site conditions.

  (C) The Director may also designate other constituents as principal hazardous constituents that the Director determines pose a risk to human health and the environment substantially higher than the cleanup levels or goals at the site.

  (ii) In determining which constituents are "principal hazardous constituents," the Director shall consider all constituents which, absent Section R315-264-552, would be subject to the treatment requirements in Rule R315-268.

  (iii) Waste that the Director determines contains principal hazardous constituents shall meet treatment standards determined in accordance with Subsections R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv) or (e)(4)(v).

  (iv) Treatment standards for wastes placed in CAMUs.

  (A) For non-metals, treatment shall achieve 90 percent reduction in total principal hazardous constituent concentrations, except as provided by Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv)(C).

  (B) For metals, treatment shall achieve 90 percent reduction in principal hazardous constituent concentrations as measured in leachate from the treated waste or media, tested according to the TCLP, or 90 percent reduction in total constituent concentrations, when a metal removal treatment technology is used, except as provided by Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv)(C).

  (C) When treatment of any principal hazardous constituent to a 90 percent reduction standard would result in a concentration less than 10 times the Universal Treatment Standard for that constituent, treatment to achieve constituent concentrations less than 10 times the Universal Treatment Standard is not required. Universal Treatment Standards are identified in Section R315-268-48 Table UTS.

  (D) For waste exhibiting the hazardous characteristic of ignitability, corrosivity or reactivity, the waste shall also be treated to eliminate these characteristics.

  (E) For debris, the debris shall be treated in accordance with Section R315-268-45, or by methods or to levels established under Subsections R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv)(A) through (D) or Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(v), whichever the Director determines is appropriate.

  (F) Alternatives to TCLP. For metal bearing wastes for which metals removal treatment is not used, the Director may specify a leaching test other than the TCLP, SW846 Method 1311, Rule R315-260-11(c)(3)(v), to measure treatment effectiveness, provided the Director determines that an alternative leach testing protocol is appropriate for use, and that the alternative more accurately reflects conditions at the site that affect leaching.

  (v) Adjusted standards. The Director may adjust the treatment level or method in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv) to a higher or lower level, based on one or more of the following factors, as appropriate. The adjusted level or method shall be protective of human health and the environment:

  (A) The technical impracticability of treatment to the levels or by the methods in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv);

  (B) The levels or methods in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv) would result in concentrations of principal hazardous constituents (PHCs) that are significantly above or below cleanup standards applicable to the site, established either site-specifically, or promulgated under state or federal law;

  (C) The views of the affected local community on the treatment levels or methods in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv) as applied at the site, and, for treatment levels, the treatment methods necessary to achieve these levels;

  (D) The short-term risks presented by the on-site treatment method necessary to achieve the levels or treatment methods in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv);

  (E) The long-term protection offered by the engineering design of the CAMU and related engineering controls:

  (I) Where the treatment standards in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv) are substantially met and the principal hazardous constituents in the waste or residuals are of very low mobility; or

  (II) Where cost-effective treatment has been used and the CAMU meets the Subtitle C liner and leachate collection requirements for new land disposal units at Subsections R315-264-301(c) and (d); or

  (III) Where, after review of appropriate treatment technologies, the Director determines that cost-effective treatment is not reasonably available, and the CAMU meets the Subtitle C liner and leachate collection requirements for new land disposal units at Subsection R315-264-301(c) and (d); or

  (IV) Where cost-effective treatment has been used and the principal hazardous constituents in the treated wastes are of very low mobility; or

  (V) Where, after review of appropriate treatment technologies, the Director determines that cost-effective treatment is not reasonably available, the principal hazardous constituents in the wastes are of very low mobility, and either the CAMU meets or exceeds the liner standards for new, replacement, or laterally expanded CAMUs in Subsections R315-264-552(e)(3)(i) and (ii), or the CAMU provides substantially equivalent or greater protection.

  (vi) The treatment required by the treatment standards shall be completed prior to, or within a reasonable time after, placement in the CAMU.

  (vii) For the purpose of determining whether wastes placed in CAMUs have met site-specific treatment standards, the Director may, as appropriate, specify a subset of the principal hazardous constituents in the waste as analytical surrogates for determining whether treatment standards have been met for other principal hazardous constituents. This specification shall be based on the degree of difficulty of treatment and analysis of constituents with similar treatment properties.

  (5) Except as provided in Subsection R315-264-552(f), requirements for ground water monitoring and corrective action that are sufficient to:

  (i) Continue to detect and to characterize the nature, extent, concentration, direction, and movement of existing releases of hazardous constituents in ground water from sources located within the CAMU; and

  (ii) Detect and subsequently characterize releases of hazardous constituents to ground water that may occur from areas of the CAMU in which wastes will remain in place after closure of the CAMU; and

  (iii) Require notification to the Director and corrective action as necessary to protect human health and the environment for releases to ground water from the CAMU.

  (6) Except as provided in Subsection R315-264-552(f), closure and post-closure requirements:

  (i) Closure of corrective action management units shall:

  (A) Minimize the need for further maintenance; and

  (B) Control, minimize, or eliminate, to the extent necessary to protect human health and the environment, for areas where wastes remain in place, post-closure escape of hazardous wastes, hazardous constituents, leachate, contaminated runoff, or hazardous waste decomposition products to the ground, to surface waters, or to the atmosphere.

  (ii) Requirements for closure of CAMUs shall include the following, as appropriate and as deemed necessary by the Director for a given CAMU:

  (A) Requirements for excavation, removal, treatment or containment of wastes; and

  (B) Requirements for removal and decontamination of equipment, devices, and structures used in CAMU-eligible waste management activities within the CAMU.

  (iii) In establishing specific closure requirements for CAMUs under Subsection R315-264-552(e), the Director shall consider the following factors:

  (A) CAMU characteristics;

  (B) Volume of wastes which remain in place after closure;

  (C) Potential for releases from the CAMU;

  (D) Physical and chemical characteristics of the waste;

  (E) Hydrogeological and other relevant environmental conditions at the facility which may influence the migration of any potential or actual releases; and

  (F) Potential for exposure of humans and environmental receptors if releases were to occur from the CAMU.

  (iv) Cap requirements:

  (A) At final closure of the CAMU, for areas in which wastes will remain after closure of the CAMU, with constituent concentrations at or above remedial levels or goals applicable to the site, the owner or operator shall cover the CAMU with a final cover designed and constructed to meet the following performance criteria, except as provided in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(6)(iv)(B):

  (1) Provide long-term minimization of migration of liquids through the closed unit;

  (2) Function with minimum maintenance;

  (3) Promote drainage and minimize erosion or abrasion of the cover;

  (4) Accommodate settling and subsidence so that the cover's integrity is maintained; and

  (5) Have a permeability less than or equal to the permeability of any bottom liner system or natural subsoils present.

  (B) The Director may determine that modifications to Subsection R315-264-552(e)(6)(iv)(A) are needed to facilitate treatment or the performance of the CAMU, e.g., to promote biodegradation.

  (v) Post-closure requirements as necessary to protect human health and the environment, to include, for areas where wastes will remain in place, monitoring and maintenance activities, and the frequency with which such activities shall be performed to ensure the integrity of any cap, final cover, or other containment system.

  (f) CAMUs used for storage and/or treatment only are CAMUs in which wastes will not remain after closure. Such CAMUs shall be designated in accordance with all of the requirements of Section R315-264-552, except as follows.

  (1) CAMUs that are used for storage and/or treatment only and that operate in accordance with the time limits established in the staging pile regulations at Subsections R315-264-554(d)(1)(iii), (h), and (i) are subject to the requirements for staging piles at Subsections R315-264-554(d)(1)(i) and (ii), (d)(2), (e) and (f), (j), and (k) in lieu of the performance standards and requirements for CAMUs in Subsections R315-264-552(c) and (e)(3) through (6).

  (2) CAMUs that are used for storage and/or treatment only and that do not operate in accordance with the time limits established in the staging pile regulations at Subsections R315-264-554(d)(1)(iii), (h), and (i):

  (i) Shall operate in accordance with a time limit, established by the Director, that is no longer than necessary to achieve a timely remedy selected for the waste, and

  (ii) Are subject to the requirements for staging piles at Subsection R315-264-554(d)(1)(i) and (ii), (d)(2), (e) and (f), (j), and (k) in lieu of the performance standards and requirements for CAMUs in Subsection R315-264-552(c) and (e)(4) and (6).

  (g) CAMUs into which wastes are placed where all wastes have constituent levels at or below remedial levels or goals applicable to the site do not have to comply with the requirements for liners at Subsection R315-264-552(e)(3)(i), caps at Subsection R315-264-552(e)(6)(iv), ground water monitoring requirements at Subsection R315-264-552(e)(5) or, for treatment and/or storage-only CAMUs, the design standards at Subsection R315-264-552(f).

  (h) The Director shall provide public notice and a reasonable opportunity for public comment before designating a CAMU. Such notice shall include the rationale for any proposed adjustments under Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(v) to the treatment standards in Subsection R315-264-552(e)(4)(iv).

  (i) Notwithstanding any other provision of Section R315-264-552, the Director may impose additional requirements as necessary to protect human health and the environment.

  (j) Incorporation of a CAMU into an existing permit shall be approved by the Director according to the procedures for permit modifications under Section R315-270-41, or according to the permit modification procedures of Section R315-270-42.

  (k) The designation of a CAMU does not change the Director's existing authority to address clean-up levels, media-specific points of compliance to be applied to remediation at a facility, or other remedy selection decisions.