R309-225-8. Major Sources of Contaminants in Drinking Water

  Microbiological Contaminants

  (1) Total Coliform Bacteria - Naturally present in the environment.

  (2) E. coli - Human and animal fecal waste.

  (3) Fecal Indicators (enterococci or coliphage) - Human and animal fecal waste.

  (4) Turbidity- Soil runoff.

  (5) Total organic carbon - Naturally present in the environment.

  Radioactive Contaminants

  (6) Alpha emitters (pCi/l) - Erosion of natural deposits.

  (7) Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr) - Decay of natural and man-made deposits.

  (8) Combined radium (pCi/l) - Erosion of natural deposits.

  (9) Uranium (ug/l) - Erosion of natural deposits.

  Inorganic Contaminants

  (10) Antimony (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder.

  (11) Arsenic (ppb) - Erosion of natural deposits; Runoff from orchards; Runoff from glass and electronics production wastes.

  (12) Asbestos (MFL) - Decay of asbestos cement water mains; Erosion of natural deposits.

  (13) Barium (ppm) - Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits.

  (14) Beryllium (ppb) - Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; Discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries.

  (15) Cadmium (ppb) - Corrosion of galvanized pipes; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paints.

  (16) Chromium (ppb) - Discharge from steel and pulp mills; Erosion of natural deposits.

  (17) Copper (ppm) - Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits; Leaching from wood preservatives.

  (18) Cyanide (ppb) - Discharge from steel/metal factories; Discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories.

  (19) Fluoride (ppm) - Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories.

  (20) Lead (ppb) - Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits.

  (21) Mercury (inorganic) (ppb) - Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from refineries and factories; Runoff from landfills; Runoff from cropland.

  (22) Nitrate (as Nitrogen) (ppm) - Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits.

  (23) Nitrite (as Nitrogen) (ppm) - Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits.

  (24) Selenium (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines.

  (25) Thallium (ppb) - Leaching from ore-processing sites; Discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories. Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides

  (26) 2,4-D (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops.

  (27) 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)(ppb) - Residue of banned herbicide.

  (28) Acrylamide - Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment.

  (29) Alachlor (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops.

  (30) Atrazine (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on row crops.

  (31) Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH) (nanograms/l) -Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines.

  (32) Carbofuran (ppb) - Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa.

  (33) Chlordane (ppb) - Residue of banned termiticide.

  (34) Dalapon (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way.

  (35) Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb) - Discharge from chemical factories.

  (36) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ppb) - Discharge from rubber and chemical factories.

  (37) Dibromochloropropane (ppt) - Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards.

  (38) Dinoseb (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables.

  (39) Diquat (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use.

  (40) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) (ppq) - Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion; Discharge from chemical factories.

  (41) Endothall (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use.

  (42) Endrin (ppb) - Residue of banned insecticide.

  (43) Epichlorohydrin - Discharge from industrial chemical factories; An impurity of some water treatment chemicals.

  (44) Ethylene dibromide (ppt) - Discharge from petroleum refineries.

  (45) Glyphosate (ppb) - Runoff from herbicide use.

  (46) Heptachlor (ppt) - Residue of banned pesticide.

  (47) Heptachlor epoxide (ppt) - Breakdown of heptachlor.

  (48) Hexachlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories.

  (49) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb) - Discharge from chemical factories.

  (50) Lindane (ppt) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens.

  (51) Methoxychlor (ppb) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock.

  (52) Oxamyl (Vydate)(ppb) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes and tomatoes.

  (53) PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) (ppt) - Runoff from landfills; Discharge of waste chemicals.

  (54) Pentachlorophenol (ppb) - Discharge from wood preserving factories.

  (55) Picloram (ppb) - Herbicide runoff.

  (56) Simazine (ppb) - Herbicide runoff.

  (57) Toxaphene (ppb) - Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle. Volatile Organic Contaminants

  (58) Benzene (ppb) - Discharge from factories; Leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills.

  (59) Bromate (ppb) - By-product of drinking water chlorination.

  (60) Carbon tetrachloride (ppb) - Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities.

  (61) Chloramines (ppm) - Water additive used to control microbes.

  (62) Chlorine (ppm) - Water additive used to control microbes.

  (63) Chlorite (ppm) - By-product of drinking water chlorination.

  (64) Chlorine dioxide (ppb) - Water additive used to control microbes.

  (65) Chlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories.

  (66) o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (67) p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (68) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (69) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (70) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (71) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (72) Dichloromethane (ppb) - Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories.

  (73) 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (74) Ethylbenzene (ppb) - Discharge from petroleum refineries.

  (75) Haloacetic Acids (HAA) (ppb) - By-product of drinking water disinfection.

  (76) Styrene (ppb)- Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; Leaching from landfills.

  (77) Tetrachloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from factories and dry cleaners.

  (78) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb) - Discharge from textile-finishing factories.

  (79) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories.

  (80) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb) - Discharge from industrial chemical factories.

  (81) Trichloroethylene (ppb) - Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories.

  (82) TTHMs (Total trihalomethanes)(ppb) - By-product of drinking water chlorination.

  (83) Toluene (ppm) - Discharge from petroleum factories.

  (84) Vinyl Chloride (ppb) - Leaching from PVC piping; Discharge from plastics factories.

  (85) Xylenes (ppm) - Discharge from petroleum factories; Discharge from chemical factories.